Tag: Survey

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Global reconstruction of historical ocean heat storage and transport

L. Zanna, S. Khatiwala, J.M. Gregory, J. Ison, & P. Heimbach | January 2019, in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 

Zanna et al. (2019): “Since the 19th century, rising greenhouse gas concentrations have caused the ocean to absorb most of the Earth’s excess heat and warm up. Before the 1990s, most ocean temperature measurements were above 700 m and therefore, insufficient for an accurate global estimate of ocean warming. We present a method to reconstruct ocean temperature changes with global, full-depth ocean coverage, revealing warming of 436 x 1021 Joules since 1871.

Our reconstruction, which agrees with other estimates for the well-observed period, demonstrates that the ocean absorbed as much heat during 1921–1946 as during 1990–2015. Since the 1950s, up to one-half of excess heat in the Atlantic Ocean at midlatitudes has come from other regions via circulation-related changes in heat transport.”

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UN Global Risk Report

United Nations | July 2025

The first-ever United Nations Global Risk Report 2024 has been released, offering insights from over 1,100 experts and stakeholders on the most pressing global risks and the world’s preparedness to address them. The report, based on a global survey conducted in 2024, assesses the perceptions of these risks across societal, technological, economic, environmental, and political categories. It highlights the interconnectedness of these risks and emphasizes the need for a more united and multilateral approach to strengthen the world’s capacity to anticipate, adapt, and respond to future challenges, according to the report. 


António Guterres: “We are at a defining moment for humanity.

In a year marked by converging global crises, the international community faces mounting pressure to strengthen our collective capacity to anticipate and respond to shared risks.

This report, drawing on data collected in 2024, offers a valuable snapshot of how stakeholders around the world—governments, the private sector, academia, and civil society—perceive global risks and assess the multilateral system’s readiness to address them.

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National Risk Register 2025

HM Government, UK | 16 January 2025

The National Risk Register (NRR) is the external version of the National Security Risk Assessment (NSRA), which is the government’s assessment of the most serious risks facing the UK. It provides the government’s updated assessment of the likelihood and potential impact of a broad range of risks that may directly affect the UK and its interests. 

The NRR is aimed at risk and resilience practitioners, including businesses and voluntary and community sector organisations. The NSRA now operates as a dynamic assessment process, with risks reassessed on a more regular basis to reflect the changing risk landscape. This version of the National Risk Register is the first to align with that dynamic process, drawing from the latest risk information available.

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