Tag: Governance

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The Big Beautiful Municipality?

Harrie Scholtens* | 2013

Times are changing. This will happen in every society and has to be recognised. However difficult it is to say goodbye to the past, we must realise that the past is behind us. Of course, we have to learn from it, but we must also look forward and prepare society for the constantly changing future. Of course, this also happens in governmental structures—slowly, but it does happen.

The responsibilities of the governmental levels will change throughout the years as a result of changes in society, the needs and questions of inhabitants, new technologies, et cetera. All of these changes, therefore, require more expertise from governmental organisations: expertise which can be found in cooperation, but also, for instance, in the merging of municipalities and their organisations of civil servants. Larger organisations will offer more opportunities for civil servants to invest in their knowledge and skills. These aspects, including the talents of the other category of civil servants, are needed to handle the changes in these larger organisations.

Come senators, congressmen
Please heed the call
Don’t stand in the doorway
Don’t block up the hall
For he that gets hurt
Will be he who has stalled
There’s a battle outside
And it is ragin’
It’ll soon shake your windows
And rattle your walls
For the times they are a changin’

– Bob Dylan, 1963

In several countries in Europe, the merging of municipalities is a subject of governmental discussion. In Belgium, for instance, the Flemish Government recently decided to open a discussion on governmental reform at the local level.¹ In Denmark, a reform was completed in 2007, and in The Netherlands, there has been an ongoing discussion about the scale of municipalities.

In this article you will be taken through the world of merging, a process of wondering, obstacles and standing by your vision. Four aspects of merging will be discussed. First: before we can walk into the future we need a vision (macro). The way we walk into the future, when a decision to merge has been taken, needs a micro vision (second), and can be by (third) a ‘big bang’ method, or the (fourth) ‘tailor-made’ method.

Macro Vision

Merging municipalities is ‘hot’. In many countries, merging occurs, or discussions take place about merging. The reasons are different. Sometimes, the reasons are finance, quality, less bureaucracy, and fewer representatives; however, there will also be other reasons, depending on the specific situation. Formulating a vision of how to handle the structure of public government is becoming increasingly important.

It is impossible to form an opinion on merging municipalities without discussing their position within the governmental structure. Where do municipalities stand, and what do we expect from politicians and civil servant organisations? It is, therefore, necessary to have an opinion about society and to know what the future could bring us—‘could’ because no one has a crystal ball to predict the future exactly.

But still, it is necessary to make a prediction of what society might look like in the next 10-20 years. The technological developments will be huge. We cannot possibly imagine what will be possible at that point in the future.If we look back on the last 20 years, we will see the beginning of the computer area. We had no words to describe what could be possible, but look at the situation today; the possibilities are almost endless. However, it is not only regarding the technical side of the future; we also have to look at the reality of what all those developments will mean for society itself. People will be behaving differently –their needs will be different. What they demand from the government will change, but also how they want to contact the government.

Within this framework, we will have to build political systems and governmental organisations that function with the idea that there is always change. Nothing stays the same. The next step is to realise that we need modern information technology. Within that framework, we need highly educated staff and perhaps politicians. In the last category, there is the concern that politicians must not lose contact with society.

The ideal situation would be that politicians are able, supported by well-educated civil servants, to do their job as representatives of their inhabitants in a country, region, or municipality. Within this way of thinking, it will be normal to discuss the functioning of (local)government. Is the scale of municipalities enough for the future? Is there enough (governmental) power to carry out the tasks they have to do well? Are municipalities ready for the future?

It’s my strong opinion that within this timeframe, merging will be necessary to provide an answer to these developments. Of course, in some cases, alternatives such as cooperation will provide the solution. Still, at a certain moment, the legibility of control by a democratically chosen government will make a merger necessary. For instance, cooperation in the field of ICT is a very logical thought. But never forget that this will require decisions regarding an enormous sum of money. It is logical that politicians want to have an influence on those decisions and do not want to have proposals from a relatively external organisation where they only have to say yes or no.

Another circumstance is the development of a ‘United States of Europe’. Europe as an identity is a fact. Most countries in the EU have three levels of government. It seems that an extra top level will have consequences for the levels of government in the different countries. Perhaps, in some cases, one of the three levels will disappear. Local government will stay, but increasing the number of municipalities will be necessary in that case, combined with all forms of local decentralisation, to stay close to the inhabitants.

Micro Vision

The vision must not be restricted to the national and/or regional level regarding the question of how many municipalities we must have and, more importantly, their tasks and size. The reform procedure can start if these questions are answered in a vision. Within this framework, there will be new municipalities. A micro vision is necessary to see how these municipalities will be organised and how they will work.

Moreover, the most ideal situation would be if this vision was created by inhabitants, entrepreneurs, companies, culture societies et cetera of the new municipality.² A vision of that kind can tell the new politicians what society expects from the responsible people of the new municipality and what they expect from the organisation of civil servants. The organigram can thus be built by using the outcome of such a vision. It makes the start of the new organisation a little bit easier.

However, this is one of the most difficult steps in building a new organisation because no politicians from the new municipality can take responsibility for such a process. If this cannot be realized, an organisation will be built on the information and visions of consultants and/or other persons or institutes.

Much can be said about merging municipalities at every level of government, but when the decision has been made to merge, the procedure has to start. Therefore, two options are available: the ‘Big Bang ’ and the ‘Tailor-made’ one. Both options require the full attention of those responsible for carrying out the merging decision. Procedures must be carried out, and people must be consulted as much as possible about the expectations for the new municipality.

Big Bang

For the ‘big bang’ solution, we can look at the reforms in Denmark. The decision was made at the national level that the municipalities were too small for their future tasks. This choice resulted from a State Committee’s conclusion in 2002. They were not able to perform their tasks at the required high level. At least 20.000 inhabitants were needed, and up to 30.000 inhabitants were needed for a forced partnership. Through an interactive debate in the country, followed by local referenda and national elections, the law for the merging was realised on 23 June 2005. On 1 January 2007, the number of municipalities decreased from 278 to 98.

After a ‘Big Bang’ operation, the discussion about merging municipalities will fade away for the time being. Scientific research shows that the first year was relatively chaotic because of removal, personnel, phone and IT problems. For a while, the municipalities were not able to issue building permits, for instance. After one year, the situation stabilised. Nowadays, the differences in cultures are still a problem. Some investigations in the second year showed that there were severe cuts in budgets at the national level. There was almost no efficiency profit; the national government was still dominant. The costs for the inhabitants had increased a little, and there was a lack of transparency. And most of all, the service level did not increase.³

Tailor-made

In the Netherlands, merging is often realised through’ tailor-made’ solutions. The difference from the situation in Denmark is that the most powerful governmental level for merging is the regional level (Provinces). Of course, the national level has an opinion about merging (MacroVision almost changes with every new cabinet contract, which does not favour sustainability), which they can use when a Province sends a merging proposal to the Ministry for the law procedure.

This is also the case with merging, which is the initiative of two or more municipalities (voluntary merging). To act on merging in this way, a long process of reducing the number of municipalities and constant discussion about this theme is required. The noise about merging will not fade away for some time.

On the other hand, it is always possible to work with the latest knowledge, and the solution will be more fitting to the concrete situation. The law process in the Netherlands leads to the fact that the final political decision is mostly made about three months before the merging has to be realised; and a period of three months is far too short for a good implementation of a merging.⁴

Due to the fact that some municipalities merge every year in the Netherlands, some scientific research has been undertaken over the years. The outcome of this research is almost the same as that of Denmark. It takes several years to find a new balance. However, one of the most important conclusions was that a merger often does not have the promised financial benefit. Due to several circumstances, it will take 5-10 years before old contracts fade away and the real situation can be seen.⁵

Resistance

One of the most important aspects of merging is that there will always be resistance, even when it is voluntary. The resistance comes mostly from the inhabitants who are afraid of losing, for example, the identity of a village. They use the argument of increasing costs for inhabitants, while the governmental institutions often claim that a merger is profitable. As mentioned, investigations have shown that this has been untrue for at least 5-10 years. It is very important to tell the true story, namely that it will cost money but that a merging is necessary based on the Macro Vision. Use the knowledge of inhabitants in writing the Micro Vision and find in cooperation with them forms of decentralisation within the new municipality to end the feeling of loss of identity.

Conclusions

  1. Let the (macro) Vision not be: ‘We merge municipalities because of the merging.’ Then, the goal of merging has become the vision. Merging must be a result of a vision developed in cooperation with stakeholders. It gives politicians the possibility to explain why a merger is necessary.
  2. Realise that working on the vision is sometimes one of the small steps towards the future; sometimes, a hold is necessary. Strong cooperation between municipalities before a merger is a temperate and acceptable solution. Even after a merger, cooperation can be necessary (for instance, in the field of ICT).
  3. Based on the vision, choose the method ‘big bang’ or ‘tailor-made’ at the national level.
  4. Realise that there will always be resistance based on emotions. Allow room for this to be expressed.
  5. Take the merging steps with the participation of stakeholders (micro vision).
  6. Let political decisions be made before the merging of civil servant organisations takes place.
  7. Finally, tell the truth. Not only will the financial benefits not be there in the first 5-10 years, but the (macro) vision will make merging municipalities necessary.

Bibliography

  1. Vlaamse Regering, Witboek interne staatshervorming, 8 April 2011. (Macro Vision)
  2. Royal Haskoning, ‘Aanzet voor een maatschappelijke agenda voor Goeree-Overflakkee’, een slagvaardige gemeente voor een economisch vitaal eiland. 13  May 2011. Discussion document for the merging of municipalities on the Island Goeree-Overflakkee in the Netherlands. (Micro Vision)
  3. Laheij, B.M.A., Masterscriptie aan de Universiteit van Tilburg, 24 July 2009.
  4. Wet Algemene Regelen Herindeling. Law in the Netherlands about Merging governmental organisations.
  5. Universiteit van Groningen/Berenschot, Effecten van gemeentelijke herindelingen in de provincie Zuid-Holland, June 2008.

* Seconded National Expert at European Institute of Public Administration (EIPA), former City Manager of Middelharnis/Goedereede, The Netherlands and Public Governance Expert at PRIMO Europe.  He writes this article with a personal title.

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ISO 14004:2016 Environmental management systems

ISO 14004:2016 provides guidance for an organization on the establishment, implementation, maintenance and improvement of a robust, credible and reliable environmental management system. The guidance provided is intended for an organization seeking to manage its environmental responsibilities in a systematic manner that contributes to the environmental pillar of sustainability.

This International Standard helps an organization achieve the intended outcomes of its environmental management system, which provides value for the environment, the organization itself and interested parties. Consistent with the organization’s environmental policy, the intended outcomes of an environmental management system include:

– enhancement of environmental performance;

– fulfilment of compliance obligations;

– achievement of environmental objectives.

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The Crisis of Democratic Capitalism

Martin Wolf | 2023

From the author, known from The Shifts and the Shocks. He is one of the most influential writers on economics on the reckoning with how and why the relationship between democracy and capitalism is coming undone. A book by Martin Wolf, published by Allen Lane.

We are living in an age when economic failings have shaken faith in global capitalism. Political failings have undermined trust in liberal democracy and in the very notion of truth. The ties that ought to bind open markets to free and fair elections are being strained and rejected, even in democracy’s notional heartlands. Around the world, democratic capitalism, which depends on the determined separation of power from wealth, is in crisis. Some now argue that capitalism is better without democracy; others that democracy is better without capitalism.

This book is a forceful rejoinder to both views. It analyses how the marriage between capitalism and democracy has become so fraught and yet insists that a divorce would be an almost unimaginable calamity. Martin Wolf, one of the wisest public voices on global affairs, argues that for all its recent failings – slowing growth, increasing inequality, widespread popular disillusion – democratic capitalism, though inherently fragile, remains the best system we know for human flourishing.

Capitalism and democracy are complementary opposites: they need each other if either is to thrive. Wolf’s superb exploration of their marriage shows us how citizenship and a shared faith in the common good are not romantic slogans but the essential foundation of our economic and political freedom.

Bibliography

Wolf, M. (2023) The Crisis of Democratic Capitalism. London: Allen Lane

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Design for a Better World

Meaningful, Sustainable, Humanity Centered

Don Norman | 2023

How human behaviour brought our world to the brink, and how human behaviour can save us. The world is a mess. From collapsing social structures to the climate crisis, our dire predicament has been millennia in the making and can be traced back to the erroneous belief that the earth’s resources are infinite.

The key to change, says Don Norman, is human behaviour, covered in the book’s three major themes: meaning, sustainability, and humanity-centeredness. Emphasize quality of life, not monetary rewards; restructure how we live to protect the environment better; and focus on all of humanity.

Design for a Better World presents an eye-opening diagnosis of where we’ve gone wrong and a clear prescription for improving things. It is published by The MIT Press.

Norman proposes a new way of thinking that recognizes our place in a complex global system where even simple behaviours affect the entire world. He identifies the economic metrics contributing to the harmful effects of commerce and manufacturing and proposes a recalibration of what we consider essential in life. His experience as both a scientist and business executive gives him the perspective to show how to make these changes while maintaining a thriving economy. Let the change begin with this book before it’s too late.

Bibliography

Norman, D. (2023) Design for a Better World: Meaningful, Sustainable, Humanity Centered. Cambridge, Massachusetts, US: The MIT Press

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Third-Party Risk Policies in The Netherlands

A Historical Sketch 

Ben Ale | April 2023, Cambridge Scholars Publishing

It is not easy to keep the population safe in a country that is one of the most densely populated in the world, a hub of international transport over land and water and through the air, about one-third of which lies below sea level.

Third-party risk policies developed gradually in The Netherlands but became acute in the late 20th century as various industries increased their use and production of hazardous materials.

The Dutch government, considering its constitutional responsibility to protect the life, health and well-being of its people, must resolve the ongoing debate between the general population, who are exposed to these risks, and those profiting from the creation of said risks-the resultant policies are a product of this balancing act.

This book will interest politicians, policymakers, civil servants, and the general population. It contains valuable insight into what constitutes sustainable policy and how it can be achieved. 

Bibliography

Ale, B. (2023) Third-Party Risk Policies in The Netherlands: A Historical Sketch. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

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Publieke waarden en risico’s in Straatsburg

De geboorte van een organisatie voor publiek risicomanagement (PRIMO)

Jack Kruf* | mei 2005

Vorige maand, op 1 april 2005, kwam het Executive Comittee van UDITE, het netwerk van gemeentesecretarissen en gemeentelijk algemeen directeuren in Europa, bijeen in Straatsburg om ‘publiek risicomanagement’ als nieuw idee te bespreken. De gemeentesecretarissen keken gezamenlijk naar een nieuw gepresenteerde aanpak, die Alan Vendelbo, president van UDITE, bovenaan de agenda had geplaatst. Lees verder “Publieke waarden en risico’s in Straatsburg”

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Democracy Erodes from the Top

Leaders, Citizens, and the Challenge of Populism in Europe

Larry M. Bartels | 2023

A seeming explosion of support for right-wing populist parties has triggered widespread fears that liberal democracy is facing its worst crisis since the 1930s. Democracy Erodes from the Top reveals that the real crisis stems not from an increasingly populist public but from political leaders who exploit or mismanage the chronic vulnerabilities of democracy.


In this provocative book, Larry Bartels dismantles the pervasive myth of a populist wave in contemporary European public opinion. While there has always been a substantial reservoir of populist sentiment, Europeans are no less trusting of their politicians and parliaments than they were two decades ago, no less enthusiastic about European integration, and no less satisfied with the workings of democracy. Anti-immigrant sentiment has waned.

The notion that democracy is in crisis provides a compelling hook for much recent political writing. In the opening pages of his book Fractured Continent: Europe’s Crises and the Fate of the West, a former chief European correspondent of the Washington Post warned, “Just a quarter century after the liberal international order of open markets, free speech, and democratic elections had triumphed over the forces of communism, the Western democracies now seem in danger of collapsing, as a backlash against globalization arouses angry opponents of immigration, free trade, and cultural tolerance.”?

Electoral support for right-wing populist parties has increased only modestly, reflecting the idiosyncratic successes of populist entrepreneurs, the failures of mainstream parties, and media hype. Europe’s most sobering examples of democratic backsliding—in Hungary and Poland—occurred not because voters wanted authoritarianism but because conventional conservative parties, once elected, seized opportunities to entrench themselves in power.

In this book, I summarize broad trends in European public opinion from 2002 through 2019, focusing particularly on attitudes commonly taken as symptomatic of a “crisis of democracy,” including economic disaffection, antipathy to immigration and European integration, ideological polarization, distrust of political elites, and dissatisfaction with the workings of democracy itself. I examine the impact of these attitudes on support for right-wing populist parties, which is substantial. I also explore their role in precipitating significant erosions of democracy in Hungary and Poland, which turned out to be remarkably modest.

By demonstrating the inadequacy of conventional bottom-up interpretations of Europe’s political crisis, Democracy Erodes from the Top turns our understanding of democratic politics upside down.

Bibliography

Bartels, L. (2023) Democracy Erodes from the Top: Leaders, Citizens, and the Challenge of Populism in Europe. Princeton, USA: Princeton University Press.